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n on the western route, a pipeline should run from Baku to the port of Ceyhan on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. At over US$3 billion, the cost of constructing such a pipeline may turn out to be too expensive. [46]
Southern Route. The most direct, and cheapest, route is to south, across Iran to the Persian Gulf. Iran already has an extensive pipeline system, and the Gulf is a good exit to Asian markets. U.S. sanctions on Iran block this option. [47]
Eastern Route. Despite the exorbitant construction cost, China has constructed an oil pipeline across Kazakhstan to China.[48]
CHAPTER V
INTEREST OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PLAYERS IN CENTRAL ASIA 全球和中亚地区玩家的兴趣
Developments in Central Asia have always had an effect in shaping India's history .The Soviet system provided geo-political stability to this region in India's north for over seventy years. Post disintegration of U.S.S.R led to the birth of five new nations in Central Asia leading to a geo political vacuum in the region. Global and regional players who kept away from this region during the Soviet regime saw new opportunities due to its geo-political, geo-strategic and economic significance.
EU and USA
USA. Access to Central Asia's energy resources is at the top of list of concerns followed by security concerns centred on the protection of NATO engagement in Afghanistan. US interests in CARs are political, economic and military, primarily focussed on energy security in terms of the commercial exploitation of hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea. Grahams E Fuller, Senior Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation asserts that US interests are limited and has identified six basic areas. The US would seek to prevent the re-emergence of Russian radical or ideological expansionism, further break up of nations, nuclear proliferation, development of radical anti-western forms of political Islam and would support the growth human rights, democracy and free market economies , enabling the US to play a role in regional development especially of its raw material resources. [49]
The US philosophy on the extraction of hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea seems to be focused on ensuring its availability on its own terms or of denial to others. US interests in Caspian oil originate from increasing domestic demand and need to diversify supply sources. US strategy is to reduce Western dependency on the Persian gulf, contain Iran's Islamic fundamentalism, restrain Russia's residual expansionist tendencies and nurture pro- west democracies with market -oriented economies in the region. The US quest for energy security compels it to develop client states in Central Asia. Overtures to the Pashtun Sunni Taliban leadership of Afghanistan was meant to further US interests in Turkmenistan, which borders Caspian sea. Towards this objective, US interests also lie in a presence in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, which border Afghanistan. China also seeks to route pipelines through this area in which the US sees a challenge to its own Caspian pipeline project to Turkey via Azerbaijan.[50]
EU. Concern about drug trade and migration are other interests besides exploiting rich energy and mineral wealth of Central Asia. Beyond this the support for democratic norms and liberal market principles is grounded in the belief that they will bring long term economic benefits and stability to the regio
