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ce the majority of the Muslim people living in most of the CARs were Sunnis, they would naturally gravitate towards Pakistan.[65]
India's Aspirations and Interests in Central Asia
Central Asia holds strategic, military, and economic interests for India. The Central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan are energy-rich and India is energy deficient. India's rapidly growing economy continually requires more and more natural resources. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan can provide oil and gas and hydroelectric potential of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan can be harnessed. [66]
Geo Strategic Location of Central Asia. The geostrategic location of Central Asian states makes it imperative for India to have concrete presence in the region. India cannot lag behind while others devour Central Asia's resources and bolster strategic bases.[67]
Regional Stability and Islamic Fundamentalism. The region is vital in India's own fight against terrorism, as it holds several Islamic terrorist groups that may find their way to India's homeland or local interest holdings, such as future pipelines or bases.[68]
India's Presence in the Region. Post 9/11 part of New Delhi's assistance to the Northern Alliance included a military hospital in Ayni, Tajikistan, which was later converted into India's first military base outside of its national borders in 2003. The Indian Air Force (IAF) holds a fleet of MiG-29 fighter planes, and a small fleet of helicopters, at the base which is located near the Tajik-Afghan border. The Ayni base is reportedly close to main staging areas for militant Islamic jihadist groups. The base provides India a strategic foothold in the region from which they can expand their influence.[69]
In April 2008, India and Kazakhstan which is among the top ten countries in terms of hydrocarbon energy reserves as also mineral resources including uranium, agreed to enhance bilateral trade and economic cooperation particularly in the hydrocarbon sector. OVL already has a 15 percent holding in Kazakhstan's Alibekmola oil fields and a 10 percent holding in the country's Kurmangazi fields.[70]
Despite its good relations with the CARs, India will have to manage its relations under the complexity of the situation, where at one end it will have to engage Pakistan and at other level increase its involvement in Afghanistan and Central Asia without getting into direct confrontation with any power, regional or extra regional, in the region. Today, confrontation is not the buzzword; rather engagement and cooperation are the drivers for foreign policymakers. Would India and Pakistan see themselves cooperating in the Central Asian region in this changing security paradigm? So far, India-Pakistan relations have evolved in an atmosphere where misperceptions, suspicions and misunderstandings have been the dominant factors. However, today some mechanism can be formulated, where geo-economics finds an appropriate place for managing these relations. Such a mechanism would provide a win-win situation for India, Pakistan, and Central Asia.[71]
CHAPTER VI
CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO SECURITY OF CENTRAL ASIAN REGION 中亚地区安全面临的挑战与威胁
Central Asian Republics were suddenly thrust on the scene due to the disintegration of U.S.S.R. The tyranny of geography as well as the Great game being re-enacted by extra regional and regional players to
