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DavidLewis
DavidKelloggLewiswasa20thcenturyphilosopher.LewistaughtbrieflyatUCLAandthenatPrincetonUniversityfrom1970untilhisdeath.HeisalsocloselyassociatedwithAustralia,whosephilosophicalcommunityhevisitedalmostannuallyformorethanthirtyyears....'analysisofcompossibilityandtheimplicationsofchangingthepastismeanttoaccountforthepossibilitiesoftimetravelinaone-dimensionalconceptionoftimewithoutcreatinglogicalparadox
AparadoxisaPropositionorgroupofstatementsthatleadstoacontradictionorasituationwhichdefiesintuition;or,itcanbeanapparentcontradictionthatactuallyexpressesanon-dualtruth....es.ConsiderLewis'exampleofTim.Timhateshisgrandfatherandwouldlikenothingmorethantokillhim.TheonlyproblemforTimisthathisgrandfatherdiedyearsago.Timwantssobadlytokillhisgrandfatherhimselfthatheconstructsatimemachinetotravelbackto1955whenhisgrandfatherwasyoungandkillhimthen.AssumingthatTimcantraveltoatimewhenhisgrandfatherisstillalive,thequestionmustthenberaised;CanTimkillhisgrandfather?
ForLewis,theanswerlieswithinthecontextoftheusageoftheword"can".Lewisexplainsthattheword"can"mustbeviewedagainstthecontextofpertinentfactsrelatingtothesituation.SupposethatTimhasarifle,yearsofrifletraining,astraightshotonacleardayandnooutsideforcetorestrainTim'striggerfinger.CanTimshoothisgrandfather?ConsideringallofthefactsthatIhavejustlisted,itwouldappearthatTimcaninfactkillhisgrandfather.Inotherwords,allofthecontextualfactsarecompossiblewithTimkillinghisgrandfather.However,whenreflectingonthecompossibilityofagivensituation,wemustgatherthemostinclusivesetoffactsthatweareableto.
ConsidernowthefactthatTim'sgrandfatherdiedin1993andnotin1955.ThisnewfactaboutTim'ssituationrevealsthathimkillinghisgrandfatherisnotcompossiblewiththecurrentsetoffacts.Timcannotkillhisgrandfatherbecausehisgrandfatherdiedin1993andnotwhenhewasyoung.Thus,Lewisconcludes,thestatements"Timdoesn'tbutcan,becausehehaswhatittakes,"and,"Timdoesn't,andcan't,becauseitislogicallyimpossibletochangethepast,"arenotcontradictions,theyarebothtruegiventherelevantsetoffacts.Theusageoftheword"can"isequivocal:he"can"and"cannot"underdifferentrelevantfacts.SowhatmusthappentoTimashetakesaim?Lewisbelievesthathisgunwilljam,abirdwillflyintheway,orTimsimplyslipsonabananapeel.Eitherway,therewillbesomelogicalforceoftheuniversethatwillpreventTimeverytimefromkillinghisgrandfather.
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