英国文献综述写作|Literature Review写作方法分析

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文献总述是对某一方面的专题搜集许多的资料后经概括分析写成的一种学术论文，然后构成了科学的文献。它是恰当重要的，尤其是国外教师关于这一部分愈加垂青，所以学生也要注重起来，论文写作中必定要写好这一板块。以下是文献总述写作教导：

1、搜集文献阶段。许多搜集和有用阅览文献是很重要的一步，注意搜集资料也要有必定的意图。首要关于文献总述的选题，作者一般是清晰的，学生可以去到图书馆搜集电子版的，或是图书阅览室等途径搜集纸质版的，一般运用检索法。搜集文献要尽量全面，而且最好是有代表性、可靠性和科学性。

2、概括拾掇阶段。搜集阶段或许只顾着下载资料了，没有理清次第和要害、次要害，所以资料找的差不多的时分要依照研讨的意图、当前研讨的情况等次第摆放好。仔细检查每一篇文献，做好笔记，摘抄需求的部分，以及每篇文章表述的观念，进行拾掇。

3、成文阶段。文献总述一般包含四个部分：前语、主体、总结、参考文献。

前语主要是介绍论文写作的意图，要介绍相关的概念定义以及本篇文章参考文献的范文，简略陈述跟主题有关的研讨现状，让读者对全文要论说的观念有了开始的微观了解。

主体的写法多样，可以根据年代先后次第、不同的问题、不同观念之间的比较写。记住要将所搜集的文献概括拾掇、分析比较，跟之前概括拾掇阶段不同，之前的是在自己的头脑中构成的，现在要将概念性的东西转换成文字供读者阅览了解。说明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。

总结部分，是将全文主体进行简明总结，对所总述的主题有研讨的作者，最好能提出自己的见地。

参考文献，引证文献要忠实文献内容，在终究铺排时肯定不能省掉，编列要条目清楚，便利查找。

Debt Relief

On reviewing a two decades of debt relief Easterly, W (2002) conducted a study aiming at answering the key question as to why did HIPCs became very indebted. Using a sample of 41 HIPCs as classified by IMF and World Bank, he found that despite their poor policies, HIPCs received more than other LDCs. He found that between 1989 – 1997 a total of US$ 33 billion were forgiven while their respective borrowing was US$41 billion, this shows a close association that the debt relief will be met with an equivalent amount of new borrowing. Upon running the regression for the 40 HIPCs with complete data he found a statistically significant association between average debt relief as a percentage of GDP and new net borrowing as percentage of GDP, one percentage point of GDP higher debt forgiveness translated into 0.34% of GDP new net borrowing.

Going further in his analysis Easterly showed that, the average levels of current account deficits, budget deficits, real valuation and other policy indicators were worse for most HIPCs. HIPCs also were worse on the broad measure of policy which includes not only a rating of policy stance but also the institutional quality like the prevalence of corruption. One of explanation of the HIPCs’ heavily indebtedness is they suffered adverse terms of trade shocks, and wars which destroy countries productive assets.

The findings imply that the substantial reduction in external debt projected for the countries participating in the HIPC Initiative would directly add 0.8–1.1 percent to their per capita GDP growth rates. Indeed, the positive effects of debt relief may already be reflected in some of the healthier growth rates achieved by these countries in the past few years relative to their poor performance in the 1990s. (Annual GDP growth averaged 1.2 percent in 2000–02, compared with 0.2 percent during the 1990s.) Clements, B et al (2005).

BIBLIOGRAPH

Amoating, K. and Amoaku-Adu, B. (1996), "Economic Growth, Export and External Debt causality: The Case of African Countries," Applied Economics, 28, pp 21-27

Barfour. O. (1995), "Ghana: The Burden of Debt Service Payment Under Structural Adjustment," African Economic Research Consortium Research Papers, No 8, English press Limited, Kenya.

Bulow, J. and Rogoff, K. (1990), "Cleaning up Third World Debt Without Getting Taken to the Cleaners," The Journal of Economic Perspective, 4(1), 31-42

Chowdhury Khorshed (1994), "A Structural Analysis of External Debt and Economic Growth: Some Evidence of From Selected Countries in Asia and Pacific," Applied Economic, 26 (12).

Claessens, S. and Diwan, I. (1990), "Investment incentives: New Money, Debt Relief, and the Critical Role of Conditionality in Debt Crisis," The World Bank Economic Review, 4(1).

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