本文是美国留学生论文代写范文：石油工业的发展Development of the Petroleum Industry，主要内容是详细解释和分析发油发展的历史过程以及对石油工业的发展进行预测。
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石油可以作为能源以及制造塑料和化肥的原材料，而且只有极少数商品已变得至关重要，石油已成为地缘政治对抗的对象，作为具有战略重要性的商品。在此期间，一些地缘政治事件与石油密切相关，或对石油价格和供应产生影响。英国海军1912号决定，由于速度和射程的优势，将军舰由煤改为石油推进，这是导致石油地缘政治重要性的第一件大事。大不列颠将盎格鲁-波斯石油公司收归国有，并致力于保护波斯的这一资源。自1934以来，该国被称为伊朗，因为该国根本没有石油资源。
一开始，美利坚合众国做了总开发的60%，但到了1990，欠发达国家接管了；近东给了26%，俄罗斯21%了，北美国只占整个开发的17%。世界上已知的8个国家中，有80%是已知的和可开采的石油资源：沙特阿拉伯、伊拉克、阿拉伯联合酋长国、科威特、伊朗、委内瑞拉、俄罗斯和墨西哥。
Historical background
Petroleum
In the beginning of the XX.century carbohydrates became more and more important in the world because they were pure,easily manageable,cheap,have huge energy capacity and were available in big amounts all over the world.
Petroleum can be used as a source of energy as well as a raw material in the manufacturing of plastics and fertilizers,and only very few commodities have become as vital as it,and petroleum has been the object of geopolitical confrontations as a commodity of strategic importance.At that period several geopolitical events were closely related to oil or had consequences on oil prices and supply.The decision in 1912 by the British Admiralty to convert warships from coal to oil propulsion because of speed and range advantages was the first event that led to the geopolitical importance of oil.Great Britain nationalized the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and committed itself to the protection of this resource in Persia-since 1934 the country is called Iran-because the country had no oil resources at all.
In the beginning the United States of America did the 60%of the total exploitation,but by 1990 the undeveloped countries took over it;the Near East gave 26%,Russia 21%and North America only 17%of the whole exploitation.80%of the known and exploitable oil resources were found in 8 countries in the world:Saudi Arabia,Iraq,United Arab Emirates,Kuwait,Iran,Venezuela,Russia and Mexico.
The first oil crisis was only a local crisis;it had no significant effect on the world market.It took place in Iran,because Mohammad Mossadeq,the prime minister of Iran,nationalized the oil companies,so English professionals went home and the country went bankrupt in 3 years.
Then began the Suez crisis in 1956 when Nasser nationalized the canal.In the 50es annually 210-220 thousands of tons of cargo went through the canal and the 2/3 of it was petroleum that had to be transported to Western Europe.But after the arab-israeli war blow-up,Nasser made the canal totally unusable.As the canal had a great significance,it caused some outstanding problems-provisional petroleum shortage evolved in Western Europe,so consumption was decreased,higher taxes were levied on petrol,and petrol coupons were introduced.
Simultaneously Syria closed the petroleum lines in the Iranian areas and Saudi Arabia introduced embargo towards Great Britain and France.
By 1957 the crisis came to an end,90%of the petroleum export that was not transported was compensated,and at that time petroleum utilization was not so important(1956 only approximately 20%of Europe's energy use)and there were no considerable changes in the prices.
