本文是美国留学生作业代写范文：PM问题时间对政府决策的影响，主要内容是针对“政策影响”的立法机关及其程序机制等一系列问题进行分析。
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正如Norton所指出的，议会在十九世纪不再是一个决策立法机构，现在是一个“政策影响”的立法机关。因此，议会将把政策纳入一个审查和影响的过程。本文将评估议会可用来呼吁政府考虑的现有机制在多大程度上可以说是对政府决策有意义的能力。为了评估议会在这一问题上的作用，必须审查众议院的一些程序机制。
在下议院质询时间是一种信息的主要手段是通过议会成员们获得。事先通知的问题给部长，但随后补充问题可以问了部长的回答问题，而不会得到通知。问题是广泛的宣传并因此引起公众关注的影响。这个过程也可以突出个别部长的能力，因为他们需要“思考”，以回答补充问题。1995年4月，时任卫生部长宣布关闭伦敦几家医院以限制公共开支。这一令人不快的政策的宣布是通过书面答复而不是口头上作出的。在质询的时候，卫生部长被指责缺乏道德勇气，这一事件引起了相当多的公众关注。
As Norton has noted,Parliament ceased to be a policy-making legislature in the nineteenth century and is now a‘policy-influencing’legislature.Parliament is thus expected to subject policy to a process of scrutiny and influence.[1]This essay will assess the extent to which the present mechanisms available to parliament to call the government to account can be said to have a meaningful ability to effect governmental decision making.In order to evaluate the role of parliament in this matter,some of the procedural mechanisms of the House must be examined.
Question Time in the House of Commons is one of the principal means by which information is obtained from ministers by Members of Parliament.[2]Prior notice of the questions is given to ministers,however,supplementary questions may then be asked on matters arising out of the minister’s reply,of which notice will not have been given.Question Time is widely publicised and therefore has the effect of drawing public attention to matters of particular concern.The process can also highlight the capabilities of individual ministers as they will need to‘think on their feet’in order to answer the supplementary questions.In April 1995 the then Health Secretary announced that several London hospitals were to be closed to curb public expenditure.The announcement of this unpalatable policy was made through a written answer rather than orally in the House.At Question Time the Health Secretary was accused of‘lacking moral courage’[3]and the episode gained considerable publicity.
Question Time is the only regular occasion upon which the government is obliged to account to Parliament for its management of the nations affairs.[4]Other merits of the system are that it provides an opportunity for the opposition to select issues as well as an opportunity for backbench MPs to question ministers.This in turn allows for local and regional issues to be given hearing in full parliamentary session.It also offers ministers the opportunity to become aware of issues which might otherwise have gone unnoticed.Parliamentary questions are very useful in highlighting existing governmental policy and bringing any controversial issues surrounding it to the attention of the media and hence the public.This allows effective scrutiny of government.However,the process does not provide a direct mechanism for effecting governmental decision making,although indirectly,the resulting public pressure may provide a mechanism for influencing policy change.Further limitations are that it operates on a rota system,with departments being subject to questions only once per 3 or 4 weeks;time restraints make‘in depth’questioning impossible;and,sensitive questions can be avoided.[5]Moreover,government backbenchers are able to reduce the time available for opposition questions by presenting favourable questions to ministers.
