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Why study nonhuman primates?
oMain Argument:Anthropologists find it useful to compare early hominins with modern chimpanzees because we have a shared common ancestor(Proconsul)who like chimpanzees,was quadrupedal.To determine when bipedalism occurred,for example,we look for evidence of this transition in the skeletal anatomy of early humans by comparing them to modern humans and modern chimpanzees and seeing which one they are more similar to.
Why have all primates evolved to be extremely social and to value cooperative and fair behaviors?
oMain Argument:The primate adaptation is primarily SOCIAL.Primate behavior evolved in response to the social and ecological problems primates face
KEY TERMS
Comparative Anatomy:involves comparing the body structures of two species.'Comparative'means to look at the similarities between two things,and'anatomy'has to do with the structure of the body.Scientists can look at anatomical structures of seemingly unrelated animals to tell how related they are.
Clade:a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants,and represents a single"branch"on the"tree of life"
Primate Common Ancestors
oPlesiadapis
oProconsul
Different Types of Locomotion and Social Behavior
oLocomotion:movement or the ability to move from one place to another;biology reflects movement and environmental adaptations
oFirst make the broad distinction between arboreal and terrestrial locomotion—that is,does the primate spend most of its time in tress or on the ground
oTerrestrial:Quadrupedalism and Knuckle-walking(gorillas,chimpanzees,and bonobos);opposable thumbs!
oArboreal:Brachiating(for Gibbons)and prehensile tail(for New World Monkeys)
oAgain,we see that these different forms of movement correspond to adaptations to different environments and this has led to greater degrees of cooperation between primate species
