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Discoveriesinastronomy
FirstgeneralizedastronomicaltheorymadeAristotel,whowasthestudentofPlatoandfoundedhisownschoolofNaturalPhilosophyin335BC.ThisschoolgotthenameLyceum.Hewasoneofthemostimportantancientphilosophers,whohasmadealotofresearchersindifferentareasofknowledgeandhisscientificinheritanceisinvaluable.BigpartoftheWesternphilosophyisbasedonwritingsmadebyAristotle.Heworkedoutdifferenttheoriesinthefieldsofastronomy,metaphysics,logic,physicsandothers.FormorethattwothousandyearsAristotle’sastronomictheorywasusedtilltheGalileo’sdiscoveriesaddednewfactstothisscience.Thebook“Aristotle’sphysics”playedthemankindagoodserviceandbecamethefoundationforthePtolemaicplanetarytheory.
AccordingtoAristotle’stheorytheEarthwasthecenteroftheSolarSystemanditwasimmobile.ByAristotletheFourmaincomponentsoftheEarthwereearth,water,airandfirethatinteractedandgavebirthtoeverythingintheUniverse.ThistheorybecamethefoundationforthechurchdoctrineandwasfurtherworkedoverandimprovedbyPtolemy.Copernicus,GalileoandNewton’stheoriesareabsolutelydifferentandtheycompletelyrefutetheAristotle’sone.
Astronomyisoneoftheoldestsciencesoftheworld.SinceancienttimespeopleobservedchangesinthefirmamentandmadetheirconclusionsabouttheconstitutionoftheUniverse,timecycles,seasons,etc.
AristotleexplainedhisCosmologyinhisbookscalledOntheHeavensandPhysics.ThemainideaputforwardinthesebooksreflectshismainconceptoforderedUniverseorCosmos.Aristotleinsistedontheimportanceofplacetothecontrasttotheconceptofspaceusedbefore.Hedistinguishedtwomainlevelsofexistence–theEarthandtheheavens.TheEarthwastheheaviestandtheroughestsubstanceandwassituatedinthecenterofthecosmos.Threesubstances,suchaswater,fireandairformshellsaroundthefourthelement–earth.AllfourelementsthatformedtheEarthweresimilarintheiressenceanddifferedonlyintheirqualities.Everythingperfect,unchangeableandidealbelongedtotheHeaven.Aristotlestatedthattheheavedwasmadeoutofsubstancecalledaether.Aetherwasthefifthelement,whichformedtheUniverse.Healsostatedthatheavybodiesweresituatedinsidethesphericalshellsofaether.Moon,Mercury,Venus,Sun,Mars,Jupiter,Saturnandstarswereplacedinsideaethershellsandsituatedinfixedstableorder.AccordingtoAristotle,eachheavybody(starorplanet)hadafixedorbitinsidetheaethersphere.Healsocalledtheprimemoverthemainandonlyreasonofallrotationsoftheplanetsandstarsinpredeterminedplacewithstableandneverchangingspeed.HebelievedthattheUniversewasfiniteandtherewasnothingbeyondthesphereswithstars.
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