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Subjects were informed that one of the instruction paragraphs would precede each blockof stimuli, and that emotion ratings would follow each block of stimuli. Six blocks ofexperimental trials (enhancement, suppression, or control instruction using positive or negativestimuli) were then presented in random order.
At the completion of all six trials, subjects were administered a 10-min filler taskconsisting of sixth-grade-level math and word problems, with the instruction to complete as
many problems as possible. After the filler task, subjects were given an unexpected memory testconsisting of questions about the first four picture stimuli in each block of trials. Four questions
were asked about each picture, for a total of 96 questions: Half pertained to emotional details andhalf pertained to nonemotional details.
Observer Ratings of Emotional Expression
Three master's-level psychology students who were blind to the goals and hypothesis ofthe study rated videotapes of subjects’ performance for emotional expression. Observers used thesame positive and negative scales as the subjects used. Onset and offset of each block of trialswere indicted by an auditory signal, and observers had no knowledge of the subject’s instructionsfor any given block. Overall observer agreement was high (intraclass correlation coefficient =.91) and did not differ significantly by expression condition or stimulus valence. Final scores forobserver-rated expression were calculated by averaging across three raters.
RESULTS
Preliminary analyses of subjective and observer-rated emotion indicated that only theratings matching the valence of the stimuli (e.g., negative ratings following negative stimuli)produced meaningful effects, and that the opposite-valence ratings (e.g., positive ratingsfollowing negative stimuli) were relatively low and did not vary across conditions. Accordingly,only the matching-valence ratings were used in subsequent analyses. There was a significantmain effect of gender on emotion, F(1, 99) = 9.35, p < .01. Overall average emotion (subjectiveand observer rated) was greater for female (M = 2.16, SD = 0.37) than male (M = 1.96, SD =0.54) participants. Gender was not involved in any significant interaction effects and did notmoderate distress or any of the expressive-regulation findings reported (p > .10).
Expressive-Regulation Task
Analyses of the emotion ratings supported the validity of the expression manipulation. A
repeated measures analysis of variance for rating source (subject, observer), expression condition
(enhancement, suppression, no monitor), and stimulus valence (positive, negative) revealed a
significant main effect for stimulus valence, F(1, 98) = 29.75, p < .001; ratings overall were
higher for negative emotion (M = 4.09, SD = 0.84) than for positive emotion (M = 3.72, SD =
0.75). The main effect of source was also significant, F(1, 98) = 450.30, p < .001; subjective
ratings were higher (M = 4.96, SD = 1.03) than observer ratings (M = 2.84, SD = 0.7).
