海外留学生作业网课优质服务团队

留学Essay、Assignment、Report、Paper代写、网课服务平台

微信咨询:EG1hao

北美MKT代写_北美市场营销学代写

  EssayQuality唯一网址:https://www.essayquality.com/品质代写-专业写作团队为您提供:北美MKT代写北美市场营销学代写MKT代写、留学生Arts艺术学代写、艺术学essay代写、Arts代写、Geography地理学代写、BIO生物学代写、HIS历史学代写、网课代修、网课托管、quiz代考、exam代考....
 
北美MKT代写,北美市场营销学代写,MKT代写
 
Developing Countries perception about WTO
 
Developing countries that had been mistrustful of the GATT as a rich man’s club played a much fuller role than in any of the preceding Rounds. Of the 134 members of the WTO, 99 are classified in the UN as developing countries. This change resulted partly from the economic conversion of many governments during the 1980s and from a reassessment of the relative advantages of binding trade rules. The new commitment to the multilateral system is more likely to be followed through if the system is seen to support development. The aim of these Briefings is to identify the ‘development interest’ in the main areas of current trade policy and forthcoming trade negotiations, such as a Millennium Round. WTO members need to balance the benefits of rules restricting protectionist and arbitrary behavior against the costs of compliance and the penalties for noncompliance. Relatively weak players, developing countries are likely more often to be the victims rather than the perpetrators of global protectionism and anticompetitive behavior and could therefore expect to gain most from the rules. On the other hand, as numerically strong but technically weak members, they may regard the design or application of the rules as biased towards the interests of the developed states that drafted them, despite the continuation of special treatment. Given the WTO’s consensus structure of decision-making, it is in the interests of all members that the developing countries play a sufficiently strong role to ‘own’ the results. Hence, the call for the next negotiations is to be a ‘Development Round’. Implementation of the Uruguay Round The Uruguay Round significantly advanced the cause of a liberal, rule-based trading system, but some areas of implementation and coverage are problematic for developing countries, namely the spread of new forms of protectionism (with anti-dumping action a notable example), and limited progress on areas of particular interest such as clothing and textiles and agriculture. Recourse to anti-dumping is continuing to prove difficult for developing country exporters, even though changes in the Uruguay Round have affected procedures.
 
At the end of 1996, the European Union had 143 anti-dumping measures in place, the USA 198, Canada 93, and Australia 47. Of the eight textiles cases through by the European Union since the Uruguay Round, India has been involved in six and Pakistan, Egypt and Indonesia in three. A new cause for concern is the advent of ‘chain complaints’, whereby an unsuccessful complaint is followed immediately by a virtually identical one, creating uncertainty for user industries. At the same time, developing countries have become active in taking anti-dumping action against industrialized country exports. Whilst the Uruguay Round liberalized trade in clothing and textiles, implementation is end-loaded. The Multitier Arrangement (MFA), which has provided since 1974 a freestanding multilateral framework for the proliferation of discriminatory quantitative restrictions against 35 developing countries and economies in transition, is to be phased out under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). All bilaterally agreed and MFA-based quantitative restrictions are to be notified to the Textiles Monitoring Board for removal according to a graduated schedule, with expanded quotas in the interim. However, the ATC may not result in a significant liberalization for developing exporters until 2005. First, the phase-out could become more restrictive for suppliers whose quota growth does not match the growth in demand. Second, integration is heavily end-loaded: restrictions on items accounting for almost half the 1990 volume of trade do not need to be removed until the final 2005 deadline. The problem of agriculture, where OECD protectionism hinders developing countries exploiting their comparative advantage, is that progress was only partial. While the Agreement on Agriculture began the process of establishing, a framework of trade rules for agriculture similar to those already existing for manufactures. Developing countries as a group should gain from agricultural liberalization but this broadly beneficial impact arises largely from the opening of protected markets to competition (especially in the industrialized states) an outcome, which remained substantially unachieved in the Uruguay Round.
 
Agriculture
 
While the direct effects of the Agreement on Agriculture have not been great, the same will not necessarily be true of its successor. Developing countries (and socio–economic groups within them) will be affected: n indirectly via the impact of subsidy removal on the world market (leading to a rise in prices and, possibly, reduction of supply); n directly by any constraints on their own action to develop agriculture to address the new opportunities and challenges. Although gains from full liberalization would exceed losses, progress in agriculture may be crab-like as it results from political trade-offs. This can produce a complex mix of short- and medium-term winners and losers.
 
TRIPs
 
Developing countries already face severe implementation problems, but the industrialized countries are likely to demand accelerated implementation and to negotiate on new areas and higher levels of intellectual property right (IPR) protection. The development interest is not clear-cut. There are recognized benefits for developing countries from effective protection, which should lead to greater innovation worldwide from which all would gain. However, there are also costs, which will vary depending on a country’s stage of development and its industry/technology base.
 
Services
 
Trade and investment in services are increasingly important for developing countries. Although the GATS process set benchmarks and a framework for future liberalization, there has not yet been any significant additional liberalization. The main benefits of the GATS for developing countries stem from the constraints on backsliding and the encouragement to foreign investment of a more stable policy environment. Developing countries would gain most from further liberalization of their domestic markets. Simply permitting foreign firms into an uncompetitive market produces relatively limited benefits. To that extent, their general interest in a further international liberalization of services may be limited.
 
Environment
 
The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) has a broad mandate to study the relationship between environment and the trade, and to make recommendations about any changes that might be needed in trade agreements. A central question is whether international trade is good or damaging to the environment. Concern has been growing since the 1960s but there is no straightforward answer, and hence no consensus on policy solutions. The current rules are that countries may take any environmental measure against imported products provided equivalent measures apply to domestic output. Hence, strict product standards on environmental grounds can act as an effective barrier to trade, but this ‘product standard rule’ does not extend to ‘production processes’: trade policy cannot be used to restrict imports of goods which meet such standards but have been produced using environmentally damaging processes. There is concern that differential environmental standards will affect trade competitiveness and lead to industrial flight and pollution havens in developing countries. Empirical evidence linking environmental control costs to loss of international competitiveness concludes that: an abatement costs are on average a very small proportion of total industrial costs; and reductions in output attributable to environmental control costs are insignificant on average. There is little evidence of any significant impact of environmental control costs on the pattern of trade. However, while international trade is not a direct cause of environmental problems, the WTO accepts that it can operate as a ‘magnifier’.
 
The WTO and other agreements
 
As the scope of the WTO spreads, so its provisions are likely to overlap increasingly with those of other international agreements. This is already occurring in the area of the environment and TRIPs. The international community must agree how to handle any apparent conflicts between such agreements. There are about 200 international agreements currently in force dealing with environmental issues, about 20 of which include trade-related provisions. Some of these trade measures are complementary to WTO objectives, but others could conflict. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and TRIPs, for example, are both framework agreements requiring further development to achieve full implementation of all their objectives.
 
MeTHODOLOGY
 
The purpose of thss exploratory research ss to determsne The role of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the context of new challenges for Developing Economies. The study will be conducted by ussng the reports and data avilable related to the World Trade organization rules and regulations as well as the the legal framework WTO provides for the trade settelments.The published directories of the WTO will also be refer for the better understanding along with the discussion from tehe member executive represents the world trade organizaton.
 
Research Dessgn
 
The qualstatsve method of reviweimg previous literature, sn-depth sntervsews with the concerned person ss conssdered approprsate when seeksng to gather snformatson that requsres another’s posnt of vsew, feelsngs, and perspectsve on an sssue (Lsndlof & Taylor, 2002). Holloway (1997) states that the purpose of qualstatsve research ss to, “uncover theessence of a phenomenon, not to generalsze from a ssngle case or a small number of cases” (p. 79).
 
sn thss present research, swsll seek out to understand the The role of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the context of new challenges for Developing Economies. The sn-depth sntervsews are gusded by Lsndlof and Taylor’s (2002) nondsrectsve questson method going to be conducted by takinh the appointment from the people working in the ministry of commerce to better understand the WTO facilitation roles with respect to the new emerging challenges faced by the developed Economies. each sntervsew wsll be approached as a conversatson wsth a purposeand an sntenssve, snformal, and sems-structured format wsll be used (Lsndlof, 1995). sntervsew probes wsll addstsonally be used to reduce sntervsewer judgment dursng the sntervsew (Patton, 2002).
 
Method of Data Collectson
 
Data from thesn-depth sntervsews wsll be collected from notes taken dursng the sntervsews. The actual recorded sntervsew wsll be saved sn a .wav fsle sn a computer fsle and the transcrsptsons wsll addstsonally be saved sn a Word fsle.
 
Samplsng Strategy
 
Thss study ss gusded by what Lsndlof and Taylor (2002) defsned as purposeful samplsng. Thss ss conssdered a non probabslsty approach ssnce the ministry of commerce are selected because, the legal framework provided by the WTO ss crstscal to understandsng thr role of the WTO in context of the new challenges faced by the developing economies.
 
热门服务
作业代写
Paper代写
Report代写
北美作业代写
美国作业代写
英国作业代写
澳洲作业代写
留学生代写
澳洲留学生代写
澳洲代写
美国代写
加拿大代写
北美网课代修
加拿大网课代修
美国网课代修
微积分网课代上
新加坡网课代修
Econ网课代修
英国网课代上
澳洲网课代上
英国代上网课
经济学代考
美国数学代考
澳洲数学代考
英国数学代考
加拿大数学代考
留学生作业代写
经济学代做,经济学代写,ECONOMICS代写
留学生exam代考
北美代写专栏
加拿大论文代写
新加坡代写专栏
Paper代写专栏
留学生作业代写
英国论文代写专栏
美国论文代写专栏
网课代修
网课代上
网课代修
美国网课托管
加拿大网课代修
美国网课代上
加拿大网课代上
澳洲网课代修
网课代修推荐
网课代修价格
英国网课代修
网课托管价格
网课托管推荐
澳大利亚网课代上
网课代上价格
网课代上推荐
澳大利亚网课代修
英国网课代修
Econ网课代上
经济学网课代上
金融网课代上
物理网课代上
统计网课代上
哲学网课代上
宏观经济网课代上
Econ网课代修
经济学网课代修
金融网课代修
物理网课代修
统计网课代修
经济学网课代修
会计网课代修
宏观经济网课代修
数学网课代修
微积分网课代修
网课托管
美国网课代修,美国网课代上,美国代上网课
网课代上,英国代上网课,英国网课代修
英国网课代修,英国网课托管,英国代上网课
exam代考
Final exam代考
Midterm代考
加拿大代考
北美代考
网课代考价格
数学代考
留学生代考
Online exam代考
online quiz代考
代考价格
代考推荐
会计代考
金融代考
北美代考推荐
北美代考价格
美国Final exam代考
澳洲Final exam代考
英国Final exam代考
加拿大Final exam代考
网课托管
美国Midterm代考
澳洲Midterm代考
温哥华代考
英国Midterm代考
加拿大Midterm代考
ONLINE QUIZ代考
北美代考多少钱
美国网课代考
澳洲网课代考
英国网课代考
加拿大网课代考
FINAL EXAM代考
网课代考
网课EXAM代考
代考分享
微积分代考
Econ代考
经济学代考
留学生代考
会计代考
Accounting代考
Final exam代考
Midterm 代考
加拿大代考
美国代考
北美代考
网课代考
数学代考
留学生代考
Online exam代考
online quiz代考
代考价格
代考推荐
数学代考
加拿大网课代考
美国网课代考
exam代考专栏
数学作业代写
北美网课代考
北美代考
留学生作业专栏
assignment代写专栏
MIDTERM代考
金融代考
物理代考
成绩单
加拿大essay专栏
美国essay专栏
英国essay专栏
北美essay专栏
留学生作业专栏
微信

微信客服

qq

QQ客服

QQ联系:2232468560

微信客服:EG1hao

北京市海淀区国际大厦9层

X

微信识别二维码

微信号:EG1hao

(点击微信号复制添加好友)

微信号已复制,请打开微信添加好友!
QQ号已复制,请打开QQ添加好友!